Notes and Assignment Of FOM

Programmed and non-programmed decisions:

Programmed decisions are concerned with the problems of repetitive nature or routine type matters.

A standard procedure is followed for tackling such problems. These decisions are taken generally by lower level managers. Decisions of this type may pertain to e.g. purchase of raw material, granting leave to an employee and supply of goods and implements to the employees, etc. Non-programmed decisions relate to difficult situations for which there is no easy solution.

These matters are very important for the organisation. For example, opening of a new branch of the organisation or a large number of employees absenting from the organisation or introducing new product in the market, etc., are the decisions which are normally taken at the higher level.

2.                    Routine and strategic decisions:

Routine decisions are related to the general functioning of the organisation. They do not require much evaluation and analysis and can be taken quickly. Ample powers are delegated to lower ranks to take these decisions within the broad policy structure of the organisation.

Strategic decisions are important which affect objectives, organisational goals and other important policy matters. These decisions usually involve huge investments or funds. These are non-repetitive in nature and are taken after careful analysis and evaluation of many alternatives. These decisions are taken at the higher level of management.

3.                    Tactical (Policy) and operational decisions:

Decisions pertaining to various policy matters of the organisation are policy decisions. These are taken by the top management and have long term impact on the functioning of the concern. For example, decisions regarding location of plant, volume of production and channels of distribution (Tactical) policies, etc. are policy decisions. Operating decisions relate to day-to-day functioning or operations of business. Middle and lower level managers take these decisions.

An example may be taken to distinguish these decisions. Decisions concerning payment of bonus to  employees are a policy decision. On the other hand if bonus is to be given to the employees, ^r calculation of bonus in respect of each employee is an operating decision.

4. Organisational and personal decisions:

 When an individual takes decision as an executive in the official capacity, it is known as organisational decision. If decision is taken by the executive in the personal capacity (thereby affecting his personal life), it is known as personal decision.

Sometimes these decisions may affect functioning of the organisation also. For example, if an executive leaves the organisation, it may affect the organisation. The authority of taking organizational decisions may be delegated, whereas personal decisions cannot be delegated.

5. Major and minor decisions:

Another classification of decisions is major and minor. Decision pertaining to purchase of new factory premises is a major decision. Major decisions are taken by top management. Purchase of office stationery is a minor decision which can be taken by office superintendent.

6. Individual and group decisions:

When the decision is taken by a single individual, it is known as individual decision. Usually routine type decisions are taken by individuals within the broad policy framework of the organisation. Group decisions are taken by group of individuals constituted in the form of a standing committee. Generally very important and pertinent matters for the organisation are referred to this committee. The main aim in taking group decisions is the involvement of maximum number of individuals in the process of decision- making.

Notes Of account

Journalizing Transaction

Recording transaction:- As we know accounting is a part of recording the financial transaction, classifying and summarizing the financial transaction and interpreting the results their all.

Thus the accounting cycle involves the Followings stages:-

1.       Recording transaction:- This is done in the book termed as Journal.

2.       Classifying The Transaction:-   This is done in the book termed as Ledger.

3.       Summarizing The Transaction:-  This includes preparation of the Trial balance, profit & loss account and Balance-sheet  of the business.

4.       Interpreting The Result:- This involves the computation of various accounting ratios etc. to know about the liquidly, solvency and profitability of business.

Journal

A journal records all daily transaction of any business into the order in which

They occur. A Journal may there will defined as a book containing a chronological records of transactions.

It is a book in which the transaction are recorded first all under the double entry system. Thus journal is the book of original records.  A journal does not replace but precedes the ledger. The process of recording transaction in a journal is termed as Journalizing.

Date	Particular	L.F	Dr.	Cr.

The Terms Are:-

·         Date:-  The date on which the transaction was entered is recorded here.

·         Particular:- The Two aspects of transaction recorded in this column. The details regarding accounts which have to be debited and credited.

·         L.F (Ledger Folio):-  The transaction entered in the journal are lateral are posted to the ledger. The relevant ledger folio is entered here.

·         Debit:-  In this column the amount to be debited is entered.

·         Credit:-  In this column the amount to the credited is entered.

FOM notes

Fyol's administrative :- 

                                        Fyols at the problem of managing and organizatuon from top management point of view he use the term and administration insted of management. Fyol divided his approach of sturding managemenr in to three parts.

•  Manageral qualities and training 
• General principles of management 
• Elements of management 

             Managerail quality and training :- 
 1) physical
2) Mental
3) Moral
4) Educational
5) Techinical
6) experience
                     Significant of management :- 

• - Encourage and iniciative 
• Encourage innovation 
• Facility groth and expention 
• A life of workers 
•  Improove corporates image 
•  Motivates employees 
• Optimum use of resources 
•  Reduaces wastages 
•  Improve relations 
• Reduces labour turn over 
•  Encourage the team work 
•  Team spirite 
•  Expention of business 
•  Sound running of organization 
•  Best utilization of employeea ability 
•  Manage the oralganisation in the chipest way 

           Characterstic of management :-

• Continues proces 
•  universal process 
•  Dynamic process 
• Statistic process 
•  Science an art 
• Team work process 
•  Two way process 

Assignment:- 
                             
                              Management is an art of getting things done to others of management is utilization of staff resources in the beat and the cheapest way. This defination is more relevant to present time management and why?

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